Abstract the taxonomic history ofhelicoverpa armigerahu. In eastern tennessee during 1990 and 1991, larvae of h. Feeding disruption is measured by a lack of fecal production from larvae exposed to a diagnostic concentration of cryiac in a blue. Sterol utilization and metabolism by heliothis zea springerlink. Large numbers of fieldcollected tobacco budworms heliothis virescens l. Pdf replication of heliothis zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The objectives of the study were to a examine the repeatability of maysin determinations. The automated analysis of heliothis zea images is imperative for fast and efficient biotech experiments.
David nesa, monica lopeza, wen zhoua, deanguoa, patrick f. Similar comparisons showed no consistent significant. Summary the replication of heliothis zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus was studied in the h. Development of the cursorial spider, cheiracanthium inclusum. Biotech researchers are interested in developing insecticidal biotoxins with the best performance to kill or stunt the growth of this insects. Helicoverpa zea, spodoptera frugiperda, trichothecenes, metabolism, enzyme activity, midgut, gene induction, metabolic detoxification. Corn earworm, helicoverpa heliothis zea boddie, and tobacco budworm, h. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the taxonomic situation is complicated and presents several problems.
Heliothis is a genus of moths in the family noctuidae. Noctuidae in the sacramento and san joaquin valleys of california michael p. Biology and parasitism of trichogramma pretiosum riley. Spodoptera frugiperda sf9 and trichoplusia ni high five cell lines have been widely used for the production of recombinant proteins, thus metabolism of these cell lines have been investigated thoroughly over recent years. At the turn of the century it was considered to be of sufficient importance to merit a 149page usda bulletin quaintance and. The moths are principally nocturnal, and remain active throughout the dark period. He placed 75 heliothis larvae in a plastic box with a layer of diet covered by a layer of dried diet flakes. Mortality of diapausing and nondiapausing pupae of heliothis virescens fabricius and h. Facts 191 united states environmental protection agency pesticides and toxic substances h 7508w 21t1002, january 1991 epa r. Crop science abstract genetic variability in maize for. Larvae of the native heliothis virescens tobacco budworm are similar but can be differentiated by microscopic characters. An olfactometer was used to determine the effect of pheromones released by females of the bollworms heliothis armigera hubner and h. Development of the cursorial spider, cheiracanthium.
Within this new genus the zea group contains eight species, and the armigera group two species with three subspecies. Heliothis zea boddie phalaena zea boddie common names. A different pattern of susceptibility was recorded for hagiv when larvae were. Comparative analysis of the complete genome sequences of. Data are presented on population variation and changes observed during the sampling period for the months of may through august. The corn earworm complex the memoirs of the entomological. A maximum incidence of diapause occurred in response to exposure to low temperature 22c and short daylength 12 h during the larval stage. Tomato and pepper fields should not be planted near or adjacent to postsilking corn fields. A new synonym of helicoverpa zea boddie naldc usda. The relative levels of representative midgut detoxifying enzymes were measured in lastinstar larvae of heliothis zea helicoverpa zea and spodoptera frugiperda following feeding for 48 h on diets containing representative trichothecenes, which are mycotoxins produced by fusarium spp.
The cuticular lipids of laboratoryreared tobacco budworms, heliothis virescens fabricius, and corn earworms, helicoverpa zea boddie, pupae were. Comparison of the exposure time necessary to induce 50% mortality lt 50 indicated that survival of diapausing pupae was significantly higher than that of nondiapausing pupae. These clicks in the bollworm moth, heliothis zea, were found to be caused by momentary contact of the tips of the forewings at the top of the flight stroke during. Heliothis stombleri okumura and bauer is a new synonym of h. These include 1 number of diverticula at the base, 2 length and number of coils, 3 number of cornuti visible on the uninflated vesica inside the. According to steinhaus1, mally2 may have been the first to mention in 1891 a wilt disease in heliothis armigera hbn. Heliothis definition of heliothis by the free dictionary. Cuticular lipid composition of heliothis virescens and helicoverpa. The results demonstrate new structural requirements for sterol utilization and metabolism by insects, particularly. The heliothis zea is a corn earworm eating corn crops. Diapause was induced by 10hour photoperiods and inhibited by 14. Such rearing units yielded 65% pupae for the corn earworm, h. Helicoverpa heliothis zea applying insecticides based upon the threshold and in conjunction with cultural controls will reduce the number of applications.
Ultrasound produced by wings of adults of heliothis zea. Helicoverpa zea boddie heliothines might be difficult to obtain. Author links open overlay panel gregg s nuessly 1 albert w hartstack john a witz 2 winfield l sterling. Abundance of helicoverpa zea1, and heliothis virescens1 in. Sterol utilization and metabolism by heliothis zea. Since it is polyphagous feeds on many different plants during the larval stage, the species has been given many different common names, including the cotton bollworm and the tomato fruitworm. Zalom department of entomology, university of california, davis, california 95616. Missouri moths increasing over southern half of state and in southeast from 75100 percent of ears have 112 larvae per ear. Noctuidae were examined using combined anatomical and electrophysiological methods. Pdf sterol utilization and metabolism by heliothis zea. Behaviour of the imago of the corn earworm, heliothis zea boddie, with special reference to emergence and reproduction. Areawide pheromone trapping of helicoverpa sea and heliothis phloxiphaga lepidoptera. Populations of the bollworm, helicoverpa zea boddie, and the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens f.
The best diagnostic characters occur in the vesica of the male genitalia. Sterol utilization and metabolism by heliothis zea w. Later reports of this disease came from glaser and chapman3, parsons4, and. Common hostorigin combinations for the two most frequently intercepted species of helicoverpa h. Setal map helicoverpa zea setal map click here to download a fullsize printable pdf of this larval setal map. Some species originally in this genus have been moved to other genera, see chloridea and helicoverpa. Helicoverpa zea, commonly known as the corn earworm, is a species formerly in the genus heliothis in the family noctuidae. Since it is polyphagous feeds on many different plants during the larval stage, the species has been given many different common names, including the. Further description of helicoverpa zea lepidoptera.
The goal of the present study is to provide a detailed morphological assessment of adults and. The complete nucleotide sequence of helicoverpa zea singlenucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus hzsnpv has been determined 869 bp and compared to the nucleotide sequence of helicoverpa armigera ha snpv. This highly polyphagous species, commonly found both in the old and new world, has caused significant economic damage as an invasive agricultural pest in brazil since 20. Pdf further description of helicoverpa zea lepidoptera. Egg distribution on corn plants by the corn earworm moth, heliothis zea boddie by t. The number of instars to adulthood varied from 45 for males and from 46 for females, although most males 84. Jun 01, 2008 populations of the bollworm, helicoverpa zea boddie, and the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens f. Suppression of heliothis virescens and helicoverpa zea lepidoptera. Related to the nudiviruses gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus and oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus ornv, the hzv1 genome consists.
The corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie, is an economically important agricultural pest distributed across the americas hardwick 1965. Areawide pheromone trapping of helicoverpa sea heliothis. Hznv1 was isolated as a persistent virus of an insect cell line derived from helicoverpa zea lepidoptera. Sterol utilization and metabolism by heliothis zea article pdf available in lipids 3212. Mode of infection of the corn earworm heliothis zea by beauveria.
Noctuidae, although the virus can also infect a number of other insect lepidopteran cell lines. Helicoverpa zea helizeoverview eppo global database. The dried flakes separated the larvae and greatly reduced cannibalism. Life table of the corn earworm, heliothis zea boddie, in sweet corn in hawaii. Noctuidae 3 to live for five to 15 days, but may survive for over 30 days under optimal conditions. Pheromone trap counts of f 1 male cotton bollworm, helicoverpa zea bodie, and tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens f 1 were used to assess the effect of areawide suppression achieved by earlyseason application of a heliocoverpa heliothis specific nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Systematics a new synonym of helicoverpa zea boddie and. Morphological characterization of helicoverpa armigera. Larva of corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie, darker form. These two genomes are very similar in their nucleotide 97% identity and amino acid 99% identity sequences. Insect cell cultures have been extensively utilised for means of production for heterologous proteins and biopesticides. Responses of representative midgut detoxifying enzymes from heliothis zea and spodoptera frugiperda to trichothecenes author.
The relative maysin a flavone glycoside that is antibiotic to the corn earworm, heliothis zea boddie content of maize zea mays l. Noctuidae male genitalia and new genetic evidence of. Pdf life table of the corn earworm, heliothis zea boddie, in. Heliothis zea virus 1 also known as heliothis zea nudivirus 1.
Heliothis virescens, helicoverpa zea, population density, host plants, cicer arietinum, gossypium hirsutum, abutilon theophrasti, chickpeas, cotton, eclosion, plantinsect relations abstract. The eggs and earlyinstar larvae of heliothis zea and heliothis virescens lepidoptera. The pupa is mahoganybrown in color, and measures 17 to 22 mm. Laboratory techniques for rearing heliothis species on artificial medium.
Heliothis zea npv indicate that it is virtually innocuous to people, wildlife and other nontarget organisms. Okumura and bauer 1969 described heliothis stombleri. Corn ear worm heliothis zea louisiana one to 20 per 100 sweeps on alfalfa in natchitoches, bossier and caddo parishes. Noctuidae 3 feeding is a prerequisite for high levels of egg production. A complete list of the host and origin data for helicoverpa spp. Heliothis zea npv caused no adverse effects in any acute oral, dermal, inhalation or intravenous toxicity test. Cheiracanthium inclusum developed to adulthood with no mortality while feeding on a diet solely of h. Click here to download this fact sheet as a printable pdf.
The biology of the tobacco budworm and the corn earworm in north carolina with particular reference to tobacco as a host. Irac susceptibility test method 020 helicoverpa zea, heliothis virescens, spodoptera eridania, spodoptera exigua, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera littoralis, spodoptera litura larvae approved version 3. Some of the species have larvae which are agricultural pests on crop species such as tobacco, cotton, soybean and pigeon pea. Systematics a new synonym of helicoverpa zea boddie. This noctuid is considered a major threat to corn, and occasionally it attacks other field and horticultural crops, including alfalfa, cotton, tobacco, peanuts, sorghum, and sunflower.
Noctuidae, the corn earworm, is a key pest of sweet corn. In most morphological and hostparasite features, this nematode is similar to neoaplectanid nematodes. Heliothis zea, tobacco budworm, insect rearing publisher. Noctuidae 3 pupa mature larvae leave the feeding site and drop to the ground, where they burrow into the soil and pupate. The native corn earworm, helicoverpa zea, is externally identical in all life stages. Keys about fact sheets glossary larval morphology references. Automatic heliothis zea classification using image analysis. Here, we have cloned and characterized one of the hznv1 early genes, hhi1, which maps to the hindiiii fragment of the viral genome. Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 hznv1, previously known as hz1 virus, is an insect virus able to establish both productive and latent infections in several lepidopteran insect cells. Laboratory techniques for rearing heliothis species on. Densities of heliothis virescens and helicoverpa zea. The geographical distribution of the major pests, heliothis armigera, h. Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus hasnpv replication in helicoverpa zea serumfree suspension culture was studied in detail and the sequence of virus morphogenesis was determined by transmission electron microscopy. Pupal diapause in the bollworm, heliothis zea boddie, and the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens f.
Validation of a feeding disruption bioassay for the detection of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin and species identification is reported using field strains of heliothis virescens and helicoverpa zea collected from the southern united states in 1998. Heliothis a genus of noctuidae genus heliothis arthropod genus a genus of arthropods family noctuidae, noctuidae cutworms. Therefore, no additional, environmental fate and residue data are being required. Chlorogenic acid and rutin, major phenolic constituents of tomato foliage, as well as a phenolic. Four combinations of virgin and mated females were tested for repellency of one to the other. Chemical communication in heliothine moths springerlink. Differences in susceptibility of the least susceptible species h. Facts heliothis zea npv pesticide reregistration all pesticides sold or used in the united states must be registered by epa, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to. Heligen is a highly effective natural baculovirusbased biological control used either as a classical insecticide to target economic populations of helicoverpa, or applied when crops first become attractive to caterpillars, heligen introduces a baculovirus that specifically targets helicoverpa. The coding regions are much more conserved than the noncoding. Heliothis synonyms, heliothis pronunciation, heliothis translation, english dictionary definition of heliothis. Feeding preference and performance of helicoverpa zea bioone.
The larva prepares a pupal chamber 5 to 10 cm below the surface of the soil. Although i t is generally considered that the destruction of natural enemies by pesticide use and changes in cropping patterns and management have promoted these insects to malor pest status, there are areas where h. Conidia from highly pathogenic mutants of beauveria bassiana germinate quickly within 18 hr on the surface of corn earworm larvae heliothis zea and. Hostplant resistance to heliothis zea in c o r n, soybean, a n d t o m a t o t e c h n i q u e s for efficient m a s s rearing a n d infestation in screening for hostplant resistance to corn earworm, heliothis zea s c r e e n i n g g r o u n d n u t for heliothis resistance b.
Species diagnosis and bacillus thuringiensis resistance. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the taxonomic situation regarding h. Effects of timing and insecticide on management of helicoverpa zea. Nortonb department of chemistry and biochemistry, texas tech university, lubbock, texas 79409. The larva of the moth helicoverpa zea is a major agricultural pest. Because helicoverpa is a worldwide genus with many polyphagous species, larvae can be intercepted from nearly any origin on most any host. Growth, viral production and metabolism of a helicoverpa. Heliothis zea was a major pest of several crops, including maize and cotton, well before the wide spread use of pesticides. It was first described by ferdinand ochsenheimer in 1816.